In 2023, the impacts of climate change continued to be seen across Europe, with millions of people affected by extreme weather events, making the development of mitigation and adaptation measurements a priority. To achieve this, understanding climate trends is vital. The Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), together with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), today released the 2023 European State of the Climate report (ESOTC 2023). It provides descriptions and analysis of climate conditions and variations from across the Earth system, key events and their impacts, and a discussion of climate policy and action with a focus on human health. The ESOTC also includes updates on the long-term evolution of key climate indicators.
Temperatures in Europe
Key findings regarding temperatures in Europe included evidence that 2023 was the joint warmest or second warmest year on record depending on the data set. Additionally, temperatures in Europe were above average for 11 months of the year, including the warmest September on record. Alongside this, 2023 saw a record number of days with ‘extreme heat stress’. According to the organizations, there is an increasing trend in the number of days with at least ‘strong heat stress’ across Europe. Heat-related mortality has also increased by around 30% in the past 20 years and heat-related deaths are estimated to have increased by 94% in the European regions monitored.
European climate policy and action for health
The researchers also found that the number of adverse health impacts related to extreme weather and climate events is rising. Evidence from the last decade shows generally good awareness but a low risk perception of heat by the public, vulnerable groups and some healthcare providers. Initiatives such as the WMO Regional Climate Centre’s Climate Watch System and other early warning systems were found to raise awareness of predicted extreme events to enhance societal preparedness. It was also found that health risks and adaptation differ between countries. Tailored climate services for the health sector are reportedly effective in increasing resilience, with significant potential for further development. The scientists also highlighted that health adaptation can build on established health system infrastructures, but progress has been limited.
The European ocean
For the year as a whole, the average sea surface temperature for the ocean across Europe was the highest on record. In June, the Atlantic Ocean west of Ireland and around the UK was affected by a marine heat wave that was classified as ‘extreme’ and in some areas ‘beyond extreme’, with sea surface temperatures as much as 5°C above average.
Hydrological variables in Europe
During 2023, Europe as a whole saw around 7% more precipitation than average. Averaged across the European river network, river flows were the highest on record for December, with ‘exceptionally high’ flow in almost 25% of the river network. During 2023, one-third of the European river network saw river flows exceeding the ‘high’ flood threshold, and 16% exceeding the ‘severe’ flood threshold.
Renewable energy resources
The year saw a record proportion of actual electricity generation by renewables in Europe, at 43%. Increased storm activity from October to December resulted in above-average potential for wind power production. The potential for run-of-river hydropower generation was above average across much of Europe for the year as a whole, linked to above-average precipitation and river flow. For the year as a whole, potential for solar photovoltaic power generation was below average in northwestern and central Europe, and above average in southwestern and southern Europe, and Fennoscandia.
Snow and glaciers in Europe
Much of Europe experienced fewer days with snow than average, particularly across central Europe and the Alps during winter and spring. The Alps saw exceptional glacier ice loss in 2023, linked to below-average winter snow accumulation and strong summer melt due to heat waves. Over 2022 and 2023, glaciers in the Alps lost around 10% of their remaining volume.
Arctic region
The year was the sixth warmest on record for the Arctic as a whole. For Arctic land, it was the fifth warmest, closely behind 2022. The five warmest years on record for Arctic land have all occurred since 2016. Arctic Sea ice extent remained below average through most of 2023. At its annual maximum in March, the monthly extent was 4% below average, ranking fifth lowest on record. At its annual minimum in September, the monthly extent ranked sixth lowest, at 18% below average. Total wildfire carbon emissions from the sub-Arctic and Arctic regions were the second highest on record. Most high-latitude wildfires occurred in Canada between May and September.
Carlo Buontempo, C3S director, commented, “In 2023, Europe witnessed the largest wildfire ever recorded, one of the wettest years, severe marine heat waves and widespread devastating flooding. Temperatures continue to increase, making our data ever more vital in preparing for the impacts of climate change.”
European climate in a warming world
According to the research, Europe is no exception when it comes to the consequences of climate change. It was found to be the fastest-warming continent, with temperatures rising at around twice the global average rate. The three warmest years on record for Europe have reportedly occurred since 2020, and the 10 warmest since 2007.
For the year as a whole, the average sea-surface temperature (SST) for the ocean across Europe was the warmest on record. Parts of the Mediterranean Sea and the northeastern Atlantic Ocean saw their highest annual average SST on record.
Data source: ESA SST CCI Analysis v3.0.
Credit: ESACCI, EOCIS, UKMCAS and C3S and ECMWF.
Impacts of climate change on the health of people in Europe
The ESOTC report underscores the profound impact of heat stress on public health. Heat stress is a measure of how the human body responds to the impact of high temperatures combined with other factors such as humidity and wind speed, among others. Prolonged exposure to heat stress can exacerbate existing health conditions and increase the risk of heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heatstroke, particularly among vulnerable populations.
In the last 20 years, heat-related mortality has increased by around 30%, and heat-related deaths are estimated to have increased by 94% in the European regions monitored. This trend is particularly concerning, given that Europe is experiencing an increasing number of days with at least ‘strong heat stress’, and in 2023 experienced a record number of days with ‘extreme heat stress’.
Credit: C3S/ECMWF.
In addition to the challenges that heat waves present to health, other extreme weather events severely affected people in Europe in 2023. According to preliminary estimates for 2023 from the International Disaster Database (EM-DAT), last year in Europe, 63 lives were lost due to storms, 44 to floods and 44 to wildfires. Weather- and climate-related economic losses in 2023 are estimated to be more than €13.4bn (US$11.5bn).
Celeste Saulo, secretary-general of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), commented, “The climate crisis is the biggest challenge of our generation. The cost of climate action may seem high, but the cost of inaction is much higher. As this report shows, we need to leverage science to provide solutions for the good of society.”
Summer in Europe in 2023 – a season of contrasts
Summer 2023 was not the warmest on record, but saw conditions that were, at times, extreme. There were contrasts in temperature and precipitation across the continent and from one month to the next. The ‘extended summer’ (June to September) saw heat waves, wildfires, droughts and flooding.
Data source: ERA5.
Credit: C3S/ECMWF
Northwestern Europe saw its warmest June on record, while Mediterranean areas saw well-above-average precipitation for the month. In July, this pattern was almost reversed. In August, southern Europe saw warmer-than-average temperatures, and September was the warmest on record for Europe as a whole. Much of Europe was affected by heat waves during the extended summer, and both August and September also saw severe flood events. At the peak of a heat wave in July, 41% of southern Europe was affected by at least ‘strong heat stress’, with potential for health impacts.
Widespread flooding across Europe
During 2023, one-third of the European river network saw river flows exceeding the ‘high’ flood threshold, and 16% exceeding the ‘severe’ flood threshold. Record or near-record high river flows were seen in major river basins, including the Loire, Rhine and Danube, due to a series of storms between October and December. According to preliminary estimates from the International Disaster Database (EM-DAT), flooding in 2023 affected an estimated 1.6 million people in Europe and caused around 81% of the year’s economic losses due to climate impacts on the continent.
European climate and the potential for renewable energy
Monitoring of wind, solar radiation and hydrological variables is crucial for effective climate policy implementation in Europe, as it provides essential data for optimizing renewable energy generation and mitigating carbon emissions. By understanding regional variations in these renewable resources, policymakers can develop targeted strategies to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy sources, fostering both environmental protection and economic growth.
In 2023, a record proportion of actual electricity generation in Europe was from renewable sources, at 43%, compared to 36% in 2022. For the second year in a row, energy generation from renewables overtook the generation from polluting fossil fuels.
Data source: ENTSO-E and Elexon.
Credit: C3S/ECMWF.
Mauro Facchini, head of unit for Earth observation at the Directorate General for Defence Industry and Space (DG DEFIS), European Commission, stated, “Robust environmental information, underpinned by data from the European Union’s Copernicus Earth Observation program, is revealing significant changes across our planet. The data presented in the European State of the Climate are alarming but this research is also a vital tool in our aims to transition toward sustainable energy, reduce net greenhouse gas emissions and become the first climate-neutral continent by 2050.”
Another year of exceptional glacier melt in the European Alps
In 2023, there was a below-average number of days with snow in Europe, particularly across central Europe and the Alps during winter and spring. This, along with high temperatures during summer, has contributed to a net loss of glacier ice in all parts of Europe. The most drastic example of this is the Alps, which saw glaciers lose around 10% of their remaining volume during 2022 and 2023.
Data source: WGMS.
Credit: C3S/ECMWF/WGMS.
This article was originally posted on the ECMWF website and can be viewed here.
